2015/2016 Curation Topic


Trans-forming Scenes: Reconstituting Democracy


In the past few years, we have witnessed an upsurge of political movements demanding functional democracy in different Asian countries. The question that we pose for the first two years of Scene / Asia project is: “Is democracy, as we know it today, really the best political solution in Asian countries?” Together with curated artworks from five different Asian regions, the Scene / Asia team will delve deeply into this topic.

Directors Comment
  • 6.2016 Korea
  • 8.2016 Singapore
  • 10.2016 Japan
  • 1.2017 Taiwan
  • 3.2017 China

中国

社会主義思想といまだ複雑に格闘する、現代中国アート

「民主主義を翻案する」というテーマを掲げたキュレーションに、中国作品を選出すること自体に無理があることは承知している。Scene/Asia中国メンバーであるルイジュン・シェン(広東時代美術館チーフ・キュレーター)も明言するように、中国は西洋型民主主義を採用しておらず、過去百年間「伝統的な一族」によって支配されてきたようなものだからだ。もちろん経済圏としての中国は飛躍的な発展を遂げてきた。鄧小平が実施した経済優先の「改革開放政策」、さらに天安門事件を経て進展した市場化により、中国は国家的なフレーミングとしては社会主義制度を維持しつつ、実質的な経済活動としては可能な限り市場メカニズムを採用する「社会主義市場経済」を推し進めてきた。しかし芸術に目を向けると、途端に、中国は何世代も前の時代錯誤な悪習にとらわれているとシェンは説く。例えば、この国では毛沢東が、1942年に 「延安における文学・芸術座談会での講話(通称:文芸講話)」で「芸術は政治のためにあり、芸術は農村にある」と発言したため、以後、農村に赴きそこの生活を描くことが美大の必須科目になった。もちろん2017年の現代アートの担い手たちが、毛沢東の唱える社会主義的創作方法をそのまま採用しているわけではない。だが「社会に介入するアート」を思考するとき、中国ではどうしても毛沢東による「思想的遺産」抜きには考えられない現状がいまだあるという。また文革直後のアート・ワールドにおいては、技術優先の伝統的芸術家にあらがうかたちで、前衛作家たちは「思想のあり方」そのものに現代アートの価値を見出し、民主化思想を推進する運動家と結託してデモ活動を行っていった。シェンはそんな歴史的背景をきちんと参照したうえで、現代中国における社会参画型作家たちは、「果たしてアートで何をすべきか」と鋭く問う。新たな思想を築くこと、情報発信すること、現実的な問題解決につなげること。どのようなアートを用いた社会実践がいま必要とされているのか。複雑化する現代中国に接続する、新たな方法論を模索する作家たちを紹介する。

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介入性艺术在中国的历史和现实语境

[:en]Ruijun Shen[:ja]シェン・ルイジュン[:zh]沈瑞筠[:]

Ruijun Shen

Ruijun is an artist and curator at Guangdong Times Museum, Guangzhou. She received two MFAs from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Montclair State University respectively. »more

Singapore

In Other Guises: Art and Politics in Singapore

[:en]Jason Wee[:ja]ジェイソン・ウィー[:]

Jason Wee

Jason is an artist and writer based in Singapore and New York. His art practice is concerned with the hollowing out of singular authority in favour of multiple perspectives and polyphony. »more

Japan

지금 일본 사회는 격변의 시기에 놓여 있습니다. 그리고 아마 많은 이들이 이 사회가 정체기에서 격변기로 이행하게 된 계기가 2011년 3월 11일에 발생한 동일본대지진과 후쿠시마 제1원자력발전소 사고였다고 생각하고 있을 것입니다. 이 미증유의 대사건을 계기로 적지 않은 일본 국민들과 일본 거주자들이, 전후 수십 년간 표면적으로 유지된 이 나라의 여러 사회 시스템이 ‘기능적 질서’를 유지하고 있었던 것이 아니라 이미 ‘기능부전을 일으킨 내부로부터의 와해’에 침투당하고 있었다는 사실을 뒤늦게나마 깨닫게 되었습니다.

그리고 이러한 깨달음이, 조화를 미덕으로 삼는 일본인들조차 완만한 혼란 상태에 빠져들 정도의 위기의식을 불러일으켰습니다. 해결책이 보이지 않는 환경 에너지와 원자력발전소 지역의 이권 문제, 도쿄 중심주의와 지방의 과소화, 전국적인 저출산 고령화와 국민연금의 파탄, 빚더미에 앉은 국가 재정과 경제 격차의 확대, 경제 활동을 최우선 한 탓에 생겨난 표현의 규제 등이 줄줄이 한 번에 밀려들어왔습니다.

하지만 예술계에서는 이러한 혼란 상태가 새로운 사상을 위한 효과적인 기폭제가 되기도 했습니다. 인류학자 빅터 터너가 말했듯, 사람들은 한 지점에서 다른 지점으로 강제적으로 옮겨지는 ‘리미날리티의 잠정적 단계’에 놓여졌을 때 비로소 ‘문화의 규제적 구조로부터 자유로워지기’ 때문입니다. 그렇기 때문에 오히려 ‘후쿠시마’ 이후의 리미날한 사회를 살아가는 아티스트나 활동가들은 지금이야말로 응고된 사회구조를 근본부터 바로잡을 기회라는 점을 자각하고, 예술과 사회 혹은 예술과 정치의 사이를 자유자재로 오고 가며 다양한 목소리를 내기 시작했습니다.

Scene/Asia의 일본 큐레이션을 담당한 오다테 나츠코와 윌리엄 앤드류스, 두 사람도 역시 3.11을 새로운 상상력의 기점으로 보고 있습니다. 그리고 3.11 이후의 일본 사회의 혼란 속에서 등장한 ‘사회참여를 의식한 아트 프로젝트’나 ‘예술적인 방법을 활용하여 지역 문제에 참여하는 사회 운동’을 소개하고 있습니다.

오다테의 큐레이션은 사회참여를 의식한 아트 프로젝트에 특화되어 있습니다. 일본과 유럽을 오고 가며 아트 프로듀서, 편집자로서 활동해 온 오다테는 그녀가 가진 국제적인 식견을 살려 ‘후쿠시마’ * 이후, 일본 정부가 내건 ‘2020년 도쿄 올림픽의 성공’을 위해, 다양한 경제적, 사회적 약자의 목소리가 탄압받고, 수 년 뒤의 국가적 성공이란 획일화된 가치관 아래 모든 사람들이 불합리한 협동을 강요받고 있는 상황을 지적합니다. 오다테는 자크 랑시에르가 말하는 ‘불합의(dissensus)’ 이론을 기축으로, 큔쵸메, 다나카 코키, 후지이 히카루의 작품들을 골랐습니다. 이 작품들은 국가 협동제에 의문을 제기하기 위해 불화의 생성을 목적으로 하는 ‘마찰적 협동’을 테마로 다루고 있습니다.

한편, 전후 일본의 정치 운동과 카운터컬처에 대한 책을 쓴 앤드류스는 주로 ‘후쿠시마’ 이후에 발생한 ‘예술적인 방법을 활용하여 지역 문제에 참여하는 사회운동’을 소개합니다. 앤드류스는 예전보다 직접적인 정치 참여가 더 어려워진 듯이 보이는 2016년의 일본에서는, 일의적인 정치사상에 기댄 혁명 집단을 구동시키기보다는 다양하고 창의적인 의식을 가진 ‘커먼즈 (commons: 앙리 르페브르, 데이비드 하비)’를 이용하는 것이 사회적 실천을 위한 보다 유용한 방법론이 아니겠느냐고 말합니다. 앤드류스가 소개하는 ‘경제산업청 앞마당의 반(反)원자력발전 미술관’이나 ‘에비나 마네킹 플래쉬몹’은 ‘커먼즈’의 의식에 기반을 두고 창의적인 감성을 바탕으로 실제로 실천된 사회 활동으로서 예술의 문법을 활용하여 새로운 사회참여의 방법론을 모색하고 있습니다. 그에 반해 다카야마 아키라에 의한 <국민 투표 프로젝트>는 원자력 발전소 재가동의 유무에 대한 국민 투표라는 정치 의식을 의도적으로 인용함으로써 예술의 가능성을 확장시켜 보여줍니다. 이들 작품을 통해 앤드류스는 ‘공공의 복지’와 ‘기본적 인권 (표현의 자유)에 관한 합법성의 근거가 되는 비교형량에 대해 의문을 제기합니다.

이와키 교코 (Scene/Asia 디렉터)

*후쿠시마(福島)는 지명 혹은 인명으로 사용되는 고유명사이지만, 가타카나로 표기된 후쿠시마(フクシマ)라는 단어는, 2011년 동일본대지진과 후쿠시마 제1원자력발전소 사건 등의 일련의 사건들을 가리키는 상징적인 표현으로 사용된다. 한글 원고에서는 가타카나의 후쿠시마를 따옴표로 강조해서 표기했다.

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In Search of a New Tokyo Commons

[:en]William Andrews[:ja]アンドリューズ・ウィリアム[:]

William Andrews

William is a writer and translator based in Tokyo. Born in the UK, he graduated from King’s College London with a degree in English literature and has lived in Japan since 2004. His book Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture, from 1945 to Fukushima was published in 2016. »more

불합의를 형성하는 아트, 그 실험과 실증

[:ja]大舘奈津子[:en]Odate Natsuko[:ko]오다테 나츠코[:zh]大馆奈津子[:zt]大館奈津子[:]

오다테 나츠코

잇시키 사무소에서 아라키 노부요시, 모리무라 야스마사, 카사하라 에미코, 야나기 미와, 후지이 히카루의 매니지먼트를 담당. 2010년부터 웹매거진 의 편집을 겸임 »more

Korea

Korean ‘Democracy’ Suppresed Against the Backdrop of Autocratic Development

After the Second World War, our nearest neighbor has taken a path that is both similar and dissimilar to Japan. The analogous point is that by prioritizing economic growth, it inevitably incurred a cultural regression. For example, along the same time the American sociologist Ezra F. Vogel published a provocative book called Japan as Number One in 1979, Korea was also entering a rapid economic surge, which was later called the ‘Miracle on the Han River’ (Han river runs through central Seoul). Conversely, the dissimilar point is the rather direct, even brazen, approach adopted in Korean politics. Whereas the Japanese politicians attempt to lead the state through crafty, circuitous and nebulous tactics, the Koreans, by contrast, seem to pronounce the point of conflict – at least more than the Japanese.
In 1979 in Korea, the public fury towards the South Korean president Park Chung-hee, who oppressed democracy for the sake of economic growth, has reached its peak, and, thus, the president was assassinated by one of his own security service personnel. From immediately afterwards, the demand for democracy temporarily accelerated among the public, and it rapidly materialized in a movement called ‘Seoul Spring.’ However, a year afterwards in 1980, the army general Chun Doo-hwan started arresting numerous democratic activists, as well as introducing censorship in various sectors of the media, and, thus, the Korean politics drastically shifted from the season of democratic spring to the winter of discontent.
Kim Haeju, our first curator of the season makes a persuasive argument through her selection that, the juxtaposition of dichotomous concepts such as; the economical growth and the cultural attenuation; and, the upsurge of radical rightists and the adulteration of democracy, are still pervasive in Korean society. Kim deplores that, in a megalopolis called Seoul, the hailed politics of development hinders even the basic protection of human rights. According to Kim, a symbol that epitomizes the untoward situation is the countless apartments that mushroom everywhere around the city.
The artist group Okin Collective was mainly established by those artists, who were forced to leave their apartments in Okin-don, Jongno-gu, Seoul, due to the redevelopment of the district. They first initiated an independent radio program, through which they introduced and diffused the voices of people who were forcedly deported from their apartments with tiny amount of compensation.
A similar situation occurred to Dooriban, a noodle restaurant next to Hongik University in western Seoul. The shopkeeper was offered only three million won (US $2,700) in compensation. When the shopkeeper and his wife suddenly lost their home, the local independent musicians spontaneously gathered around the former noodle shop, to protest against the ruthless act and to protect their artistic base in the district. They started an action that tried to go beyond the dichotomy of economy and art, which is still deeply rooted in Korean society. The site specific performance by Lim Minouk also sheds lights on those sceneries, communities and memories, which are being rapidly eradicated through urban developments.
Through three productions that she has selected, Kim echoes with French geographer Valérie Gelézeau and asserts that Seoul represents the ultimate form of the ‘Republic of Apartments.’ And, she argues through the curation that, democracy per se in Korea should start from ‘posing questions to familiar, and, thus, seemingly usual spaces.’
Being an art practitioner himself, our second curator, Seo Hyun-suk interprets our annual theme — 'Reconstituting Democracy' — from the creator’s standpoint, rather than the critic’s. And, in pursuit of a metapolitical solution, he asserts that perhaps theatre as a place for gathering could be the optimum apparatus for questioning the state of democracy in Korea. To begin with, Seo basis his argument on The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible (2004) by Jaque Rancière. By referring to Rancière’s theory, Seo argues that art, which could directly effect the senses of people that precedes all action, could function as a political device. Concretely speaking, Seo asserts that the form of theatre should be reconsidered. He argues that different from modern western theatres generally performed in proscenium theatres, those post-dramatic theatres that were introduced to Korea around 2000, not only reinvented styles and forms of theatres, but also 'reworked the very apparatuses of audience, spectatorship and their senses.'
Artists that Seo has selected here all considers 'politics' in a metapolotical level: they try to initiate political thoughts by introducing various dissensus through their works within the everyday environment. Park Minhee has been trained in the traditional vocal music gagok, which is designated as the intangible cultural heritage in Korea. The audience participates in the performance by putting on a headset, and listening to the gagok singing individually. Through the privitized performance, Minhee questions how gagok, a resistance song collective sung by workers in the past, could affect the individual bodies listening to the reenactment of the song in the present. Kim Boyon invites the audience to the front yard of the National Museum of Art in Gwancheon, from which Mount Chunggye can be seen in distance. The entire performance will observed from afar, as the audience watch two barely perceptible lights, located at different parts of the mountain, gradually approach each other (practically speaking, two undindentified hikers carry the lights). Through the attempt to detect the barely visible lights located afar, Seo argues that novel system of senses will be developed even towards everyday scenaries.
Kim Yoon-Jin's dance performance begins by inviting the audience members to a small shack in Guryong, an underdeveloped area that remains in the midst of the wealthy Gangnam district. The audience members are, then, segregated to four groups, in which different stories are delivered. When the reunited aundience share their stories afterwards, they become confused as the narrative each group has been told does not fit together. The performance proffers history as the process of mythologization, through which the audience could experience how those myth are collectively generated.
Through the three selected works, we could understand the crux of Seo's argument, which is to interpret democratic movements as an action that derives from the reconfiguration of individual senses.

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What Is Theatre?: A Question for a Democracy of Senses

[:ja]ソ・ヒョンソク[:en]Hyun-Suk Seo[:zh]徐贤锡[:zt]徐賢錫[:]

Hyun-Suk Seo

Artist and theorist working on cinema, video art, performance, theatre, and interdisciplinary arts. His performance projects often aim to invite audience members to reinvent their own memories as well as senses. »more

서울, 개발의 열풍에 저항하는 새로운 장의 생성

[:en]Haeju Kim[:ja]キム・ヘージュ[:]

Haeju Kim

independent curator and writer based in Seoul. »more